Migration has been a significant issue in Germany, with public discussions often focused on concerns regarding uncontrolled immigration. Historically, millions of Germans have emigrated in search of better opportunities. For example, by 1820, approximately 150,000 Germans had emigrated to America, often influenced by recruiters who exaggerated the prospects of success in the new world. The cost of the journey was substantial, comparable to a tradesman's annual earnings, leading many families to sell their possessions to afford passage. The conditions on the ships were dire, with many passengers suffering from illness during the weeks-long journey. Gottlieb Mittelberger, who traveled to Pennsylvania in 1750, described the emotional toll and the harsh realities faced by migrants, including the auctioning of laborers upon arrival in America.
Simultaneously, during the 18th century, there was a significant wave of emigration from Germany to Russia, prompted by Catherine the Great's invitation for settlers to cultivate land. However, in the 19th century, America became the primary destination for German emigrants, with around 6 million Germans relocating due to economic hardships and failed harvests.
In contrast, the mid-20th century saw a shift as Europe transitioned from a continent of emigration to one of immigration. Post-World War II, West Germany experienced an influx of 'guest workers' from various countries, with around 14 million arriving by 1973, of which approximately 3 million remained permanently. Despite this, Germany historically did not identify as an immigration country, often viewing migrants as temporary residents.
As of 2025, over 30% of Germany's population is projected to have a migrant background, yet many descendants of immigrants still feel a lack of belonging. Currently, Germany seeks to attract skilled workers, but asylum is primarily granted to those fleeing political persecution or war. Migration researcher Jochen Oltmer notes that the acceptance of migrants varies significantly, with societal perceptions influencing who is welcomed. He emphasizes the need for a comprehensive discussion about the future of German society and integration, acknowledging the complexities and potential difficulties of such conversations.